Josh Swihart：AI 時代，Zcash 隱私成為必然選擇

0:00ZODL 與 Zcash 的十年演進

0:00大家好，我是 Josh，目前是 Zcash Open Development Lab（簡稱 ZODL）的執行長。ZODL 其實就是以前的 Electric Coin Company，也就是最早推出 Zcash 的團隊，從 2016 年到現在已經十年了。現在我們做的是全方位開發，除了協助協議本身，也有推出前端錢包 ZODL，大家可以直接在 App Store 下載。今天我們還發表了新產品 ZODL Vault（目前是 beta 版），有興趣可以到我們網站註冊。So my name is Josh. I'm the CEO of Zcash Open Development Lab, or Zodl. Zodl is the company formerly known as the Electric Coin Company, or the team, which was formerly known as the Zcash Company, which launched Zcash back in 2016, 10 years ago. So now we do full stack development, so we do continue to work on the protocol. But we also have a front-end wallet called Zodl, which you can download from the app stores. And today we launched a product called Zodl Vault, or we launched the beta. And if you're interested in that, you can go sign up and register on the site.

0:40AI、Zcash 與不可避免的隱私挑戰

0:40但我今天想談的不是這些產品，而是為什麼我認為 AI 與 Zcash 的結合是不可避免的趨勢。大家還記得《黑暗騎士》這部電影嗎？裡面 Batman 創造了一台機器，能用聲納追蹤整個 Gotham 市 3,000 萬市民的行蹤與對話。電影裡的 IT 負責人 Lucius Fox 看到這個嚇壞了，他說：「沒有人應該擁有這麼大的權力。」這是 2008 年的事，但現在現實世界裡，我們每個人的一舉一動都被監控著。But what I want to talk about this morning is not about all that stuff. I want to talk about why. AI, Zcash, inevitable. So, in The Dark Knight, this movie was released, Batman, or created this machine. And this machine allowed him to find the Joker. What it did is it took everybody's cell phone and it used sonar to kind of triangulate. So that he could see and hear everything that was happening across 30 million citizens in Gotham City. Lucius Fox, his IT guy, got freaked out. He said, Nobody should have this much power. Not anyone. Not for good, not for bad, not for superheroes. This was 2008. Make no mistake. Everything you do is being watched.

1:35你在網站上的每一次點擊、手機螢幕上的每個眼神移動、甚至你怎麼操作遊戲，都可能被記錄下來。舉例來說，騰訊會用遊戲資料來分析哪些人可能適合當無人機駕駛員。所有事情都在被監控。Every click on a website, where your eyes go on your phone, how you move. Tencent, by the way, uses video games to get an understanding how people click through the game to determine who might be actually like future drone pilots that they might be competing against. Everything is being watched.

1:58隱私與行為改變：被監控的日常

1:58這是我和我女兒的故事。她小時候我們常常在客廳跳舞，吃完晚餐我會放音樂，拉上窗簾，因為外面有人經過。我們很開心地玩鬧。幾年前我兒子結婚，婚禮上我邀請女兒一起跳舞，像以前一樣搞笑，但她拒絕了。因為她覺得自己被大家看著，怕別人看到她怎麼跳舞。當我們被監視時，我們的行為就會改變，會去迎合監視者的期待。隱私，其實就是沒有人在看的時候你是誰。This is me and my daughter. So when she was growing up, we used to dance in the living room. After dinner, I would take her out into the living room and I'd put on some crazy music. And I'd close the curtains because people were walking outside. They were walking their dogs outside our house. And we would be goofy and laugh and have a great time. Just a couple years ago, my son got married, my oldest. And at his wedding, we had the reception afterwards, and I invited her out to dance with me on the dance floor and to be goofy, like we always have been. And she refused. She wouldn't do it. I tried to pull her up. And the reason that she wouldn't do it is because she was being watched. Because people would see how she moved. Fundamentally, when we are watched, our behavior changes. It conforms to the expectation of those who are watching us, who are surveilling us. Privacy is really about who we are when nobody is watching.

3:07資料足跡與 AI：三個資料點就能識破你

3:07舉個例子，今天早上你去買咖啡，拿到收據，這就是一筆資料。你把咖啡拍照上傳到 IG，又是一筆資料。你覺得手機相機很棒，在 X（以前的 Twitter）發文稱讚，又是一筆資料。2015 年 MIT 做過研究，發現只要三個這種不同平台、不同類型的資料點，就能從百萬人中精準找出你的所有線上活動。這還是在 AI 普及之前的事。So if you got up this morning, maybe you went to a barista and you got a cup of coffee. You purchased it. You got a receipt. That's some data. You set it on the table. They made a cool design on the top. You took a picture. You posted on Insta. That's some data. Doesn't seem like much. Then you're like, ah, actually the phone that I took this with, like the camera is actually really cool. And so I post a note on X that my camera is really cool. Really love the new camera. That's a data point. In 2015, MIT did a study. And they determined those three data points can be used to pick out all of the rest of your transactions or online activity from a million other people. Three data points, different platforms, different places, different data, all of that could be tracked. And that was before AI.

4:15我看到這個研究並不意外，因為我自己以前就做過類似的系統。進入 Zcash 之前，我曾幫政府做情報系統，用衛星和無人機拍攝目標區域，分析飛機型號、航程、載重，甚至能推測飛行員是誰。後來我和同事創業，轉做廣告科技，用類似的技術挖掘資料。很快地，我們就能從 26 個不同網站，拼湊出 3,000 萬美國人的完整個人檔案，包括住哪、工作、家庭、旅遊習慣、收入、工作表現等等。這些都還沒用到 AI。And I—When I saw that, I wasn't surprised. And the reason that I wasn't surprised is I built a system that did this. Before I got into Zcash, I built an intelligence system for a government. We used satellite imagery. We used drones to take pictures of areas of interest. Could be an airbase, could be a port. We looked at airplanes. We could do edge detection and determine. What the airplane was, how far it could fly, what its payload could be. We could determine who the pilot was. This was back in 2000. After that, my architect on that project started a company and I joined him, and we started doing some ad tech stuff. And we started mining data. So within a short amount of time, we had, using the same tools that we were using for surveillance for the military, we had very rich profiles of 30 million Americans with data aggregated from 26 different sites. We knew who you were, where you lived, where you worked, who your kids were, how you liked to vacation, how often you vacation, what your tendencies were. We knew how much money you made. We knew if you were good at your job. This was before AI.

5:30那時候做這些事的成本很高，但現在 AI 讓一切都變了。當我們發現自己掌握這麼多資訊時，最後選擇把這個計畫關掉，就像 Lucius Fox 一樣，覺得沒有人應該擁有這麼大的權力。但我們沒想到 AI 會讓這一切變得更容易、更危險。Now AI has changed everything, and the cost for us doing that was very high. And when we had that, when we determined that we had that much power, we actually shut that program down. Like Lucius Fox, we said no. Group or person should have access to this much information. Little did we know what would happen with AI.

5:55AI 讓去匿名化變得輕而易舉

5:552023 年蘇黎世有個研究，分析 Reddit 上匿名帳號。只要 500 個帳號、一週時間、2,500 美元成本，就能手動推敲出這些人的年齡、性別、地點、甚至工作。用 AI 來做，半小時、20 美元就搞定。你只是在網路上留言、回文，AI 就能從你用的詞彙判斷你是誰、住哪、性別等等。這代表什麼？There was another study that was done in Zurich. This one just a couple years ago, 2023. And they looked at Reddit profiles, people posting anonymously on Reddit. And with 500 profiles, about a week's worth of work, about at 2,500 percent, $2,500 cost, they were kind of manually, just manually, be able to dox those people. Not completely dox, but know their age, their sex, their location, often where they worked, other pieces of data. Just by mining it with AI, that can exchange, they could do it for 20 bucks and a half an hour. You're not saying who you are. You're just writing. You're just responding to messages. All of that data is mined, and they can tell just the words that you use. They can tell who you are, where you live, your gender, and so on. Think of what this means.

6:50金錢是最私密的溝通，資料挖掘無所遁形

6:50金錢其實是你最私密的溝通方式。你在社群媒體上發的東西，是你想讓大家看到的形象，但你的金錢流向才是真正的故事。它透露你的習慣、行程、關心什麼、財務狀況好不好。這些資訊拼湊起來，遠比你想像的還要多。我們需要一種新的機制，來保護自己不被這種資料挖掘傷害，只有在你願意的時候，才揭露自己的故事。Money is your most ultimate—ultimately, it's your most intimate form of communication. Like, you can post stuff on social media. And that's the message that you want everybody to see. I had this great family vacation. My family's all happy. They love each other. You know, we're sitting on the beach. It doesn't tell the whole story, right? But your money tells a story. It may not seem like it with individual things, but it knows your habits and routines. It knows where you go, when you go there, who you interact with, what you care about. If you're in good financial health, your money tells a story. So we need a different mechanism. We need a different mechanism for shielding ourselves against this kind of data mining so that we don't disclose a story unless we want to disclose a story.

7:42比特幣、透明帳本與資料洩漏的兩難

7:42比特幣當初是想解決銀行掌握太多資訊的問題。銀行會收集一堆 KYC 資料，這些資料只要存在資料庫裡，遲早會被駭。比特幣的做法是「不要銀行」，但卻把所有交易都公開在區塊鏈上，任何人都能永遠查到。這些資料也會被資料挖掘，變成拼湊你個人故事的另一個來源。Now, Bitcoin. Attempted to solve this as well as it relates to banks. So banks capture a lot of information. We've all seen, like, all the KYC stuff. All of that stuff gets hacked. If the data sits in a database, it will be hacked. But what did we do? We created Bitcoin, and we said, okay, no bank. We're just going to put it on a public database so everybody can see it. Everybody can validate it, right? We need this kind of openness. But everybody can see this data for all time. It can never be deleted, and it can be mined. And all of that data, when we were mining data back in the day, we had 26 different data sources where we pull data from. Bitcoin or any kind of transparent ledger becomes another data source that can be aggregated to tell a story about you.

8:32現金的話，只有店家和你後面排隊的人會看到你買什麼，而且很快就消失了。銀行會看到你的交易，國家也會看到。透明鏈上，銀行、政府、外國政府、駭客、甚至想搶你的人都能看到。未來甚至可能影響你找工作。這就是為什麼我們需要一個能讓你自己決定「誰能看到什麼、看到多久」的選項，這也是 Zcash 存在的原因。So cash, who sees it? The merchant sees it. Maybe the people standing in line behind you while you're waiting for that coffee see it, but it's very ephemeral. Maybe there's a video camera, but it's not that interesting. The bank, the bank sees it, which means the state sees it, all of those transactions. With the transparent chain, the bank sees it. The government sees it. A foreign government sees it. A hacker sees it. Somebody that might want to rob you sees it. Somebody that might, in the future, make a decision about whether you get a job sees it. So we need an option that allows you to disclose who sees what and for how long. And that's why Zcash was built.

9:21Zcash 與零知識證明：你自己決定資料揭露

9:21Zcash 的運作方式是用零知識證明（zero-knowledge proofs），可以證明交易有效，但不透露任何關於你的資訊。不會揭露誰付錢、誰收錢、金額多少。你可以選擇要不要給會計師、律師、配偶看，重點是你自己決定資料怎麼用、給誰看。The way that it works is it uses something called zero-knowledge proofs. So it proves something that is valid and is true, that a transaction is true and valid, without disclosing any information about you. It doesn't disclose who paid, it doesn't disclose who received, it doesn't disclose how much. Now you can choose to, like, give it to an accountant, or give it to your attorney, or give it to your spouse. You can choose, but that's the point. You get to choose where and how your data is used.

9:56平行社會與新金融體系的誕生

9:56很多人會說，政府太大、監控太強，我們根本無法改變現狀。但我年輕時在捷克教英文，學生跟我分享過「天鵝絨革命」的故事。當時捷克斯洛伐克在共產體制下，大家都被監控，不能自由移動、不能看書、不能看西方電影。有人提出「平行社會」的概念，大家一點一滴地建立一個與體制平行、但不屬於體制的新社會，分享書籍、音樂、想法，甚至有自己的商業活動。十年後東歐鐵幕倒下，他們已經有一個新的社會可以取代舊體制。這正是我們現在在做的事——打造一個新的金融體系，取代以監控和控制為核心的舊體系，創造一個嶄新的選擇。Like, how do we do this? People will say, like, well, like, the governments are too big. Surveillance is too big. We can never break this. It's too powerful. When I was in my early twenties, I spent summers in the Czech Republic teaching English. And they told me, my students told me about something called the Velvet Revolution. So at that time it was Czechoslovakia under communist control. Everybody was being watched. Everybody was being surveilled. They couldn't move around. They couldn't read certain books. They couldn't watch Western movies. So there were a couple options. One was to, like, try to fight. But the powers were too powerful. They had big guns. How do you fight people with guns? So there was a paper published in 1978 by Vlakoff Benda, and he talked about creating a parallel society. And so bit by bit, they created a society that allowed people that was adjacent to the existing system, but not within the system, to opt into something new. And person by person chose to join in, and they shared books. They shared ideas. They shared music. They had their own commerce. And so then over the course of the ten years, when the wall finally fell in Eastern Europe, they had created a parallel society, the parallel polis. And when that fell, they had a new society to replace, to supplant the old society. And that's what we're doing here. We're building a new financial system to replace the existing financial system, which is fundamentally broken, which is fundamentally about surveillance and control, to create something new and fresh.

11:54行動呼籲：親自體驗 Zcash 的隱私

11:54所以我的挑戰給大家是：拉上窗簾，不是要你去推翻體制，不是要你大聲反抗，而是一起打造一個新的社會，給沒有權力的人一個選擇。如果你有興趣，掃這個 QR code 就能下載 ZODL 錢包，拿到一些 Zcash 試試看。我聽過很多人說，只有當你真的發送一筆 Zcash 隱私交易、然後去區塊瀏覽器查詢時，才會真正體會到隱私的威力。用比特幣你什麼都查得到，但用 Zcash 你什麼都看不到。謝謝大家！So my challenge to you is close the curtains, not to overthrow the powers. Not to stand up with the rebel yell and try to fight the people with the big guns, but to create a new society, to give people the option that don't have power the option in. So if you're interested, that QR code goes to Thottle. You can download a wallet, you can get some Zcash, and try it. What I've heard time and time again is people really don't get it until they send a transaction, a private transaction to somebody, and then they try to look for it on a block explorer. Do that with Bitcoin, you can see what you can see. Try that with Zcash, you're gonna not see anything. All right, thank you for your time.